| Country/region | Organisation | Nature | State
Guarantee | Public-private
partnership | Form of cover | Cover purchase | Who issues the policiy | Risks covered | Losses covered | Properties covered | Cover price | Indemnity limits | Deductibles | Equalisation reserves | Disaster official declaration |
| California (USA) | California Earthquake Authority (CEA) | "Public instrumentality of the State of California" (Reinsurer) | No | Participation of insurers and reinsurers in CEA is voluntary | Direct insurance. Reinsured by CEA | Earthquake cover compulsorily offered by direct insurers | CEA | Earthquake (shake, not subsequent events: fire, etc.) | Direct material losses | Residential exposures and contents | A premium according to dwelling value, type and date of construction, location and preventive measures | Limits per policy. Limit of the system capacity: 8,5 bn USD | Yes | Yes | |
| The Caribbean (16 countries) | The Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF) | Insurance Co. owned by the CCRIF Trust(Regional Risk Pool) | No | Yes (governments, reinsusrers, capital markets) | Parametric Insurance, reinsurance and ART solutions | The insureds (the countries) are the members of the pool | | Earthquake, hurricane | Material losses, loss of profits (tax income) | Public facilites and estructures | "Average Annualised Loss" | System capacity: USD 110 millions | | No | No |
| France | Caisse Centrale de Réassurance (CCR) | Co. Ltd. (100 % owned by the State) | Yes (unlimited) | Yes. Direct cover: private market. Reinsurance (not compulsory): CCR | Direct insurance. Reinsurance(CCR). Proportional and Stop loss | Compulsory (provided that a property policy is contracted in the market) | Private companies | Natural perils (No numerus clausus) | Material losses, business interruption | Industrial risks Commercial risks Dwelling risks, cars, contents | Estra premium applied on the premium of the base policy. General application | Amount insured (no global limit of the system) | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Iceland | Vidlagatrigging Islands | Public business | If necessary (because high losses): credit guaranteed by the State | Yes | Direct insurance. Reinsurance: interna-tional market | Cover attached to a fine policy, which must be compulsorily purchased by every building owner | Private companies | Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, avalanches, landslides, floods | Direct material losses | Residential and commercial buildings | A single premium: 0,25 por mille. Ge-neral application (infrastructures: 0,2 per mille) | 1 % of the total insured amounts per event at the moment of the losses | Yes | | |
| Japan | Japan Earthquake Reinsurance (JER) | Co. ltd. (owned by Toa Re and Non-Life insurers) | Limited, accodring to reinsurance scheme | Yes / Direct cover: private market / Reinsurance (compulsory): JER / Retro: Non-life insurers and Government (Excess of loss) | Direct insurance. Reinsurance by JER (excess of loss) | Facultative for policy holders. Compulsory for insurers (linked to a fire policy) | Private companies | Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis | Direct material losses | Dwellings and contents | A tariff according to location (risk level) and type of construction | Aggregated limit per event: JPY 5.5 trill. | No | Yes | |
| New Zealand | Earthquake Commission (EQC) | Crown entity owned by the State | Yes (unlimited) | Yes. Market: premium collection. EQC: claims handling | Direct Insuran- ce. Reinsurance: international market | Compulsoriy linked to a fire policy | No policy issued. Cover is in the Statute | Earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruption, land-slide, hydrothermal activity. Storm and flood cover to land. Cover includes fire following any of these perils. | Direct material losses | Dwellings, contents and land. | A single premium: 0,5 per mille on the insured amount. General application | Dwellings NZ$ 100,000; contents NZ$ 20,000; Land to market value. | Yes | Can accumulate surpluses tax free to form Natural Disaster Fund | No |
| Norway | Norsk Naturskadepool / Statens Naturskadefond | Damage pool managed by FNH (private) (all the fire insurance companies) | No | | Direct insurance. Reinsurance: international market | Compulsorily attached to a fire policy | Private companies | Flood, storm, landslide, avalanches, volcanic eruption, earthquake | Direct material losses | Buildings and contents | A single premium: 0,11 per mille on the insured capital. General application | Total limit per event: 12.5 bn NOK | Yes | | |
| Romania | Natural Disater Insurance Pool (PAID) | Joint stock company owned by insurers (Reinsurer) | Yes. Lender of last resort. | Yes. Market and PAID: cover. State: Reinsurance, premiums in early years and cover promotion | Direct insurance. Reinsurance by PAID | Compulsory for every dwelling (private or public) | Private companies | Earthquake, flood, landslide | Material losses (direct and indirect) | Dwellings (not contents) | Single tariff (two types depending on the dwelling construction). General application | Limits per event and total annual limit per policy | Yes | | |
| Spain | Consorcio de Compensación de Seguros | Public business institution | Yes. Unlimited | Yes. Market: policy issue and management. CCS: damage management and indemnity | Direct insurance | Compulsory (provided that a property or personal insurance cover is contracted in the market) | Private companies | Natural perils (flood, earthquake, storm, tsunami, volcanic eruption, meteorites), terrorism. | Material losses, personal injuries, business interruption | Industrial risks, commercial risks, dwelling risks, cars, contents | Surcharge on insured capital (tariff according to type of exposure) General application | Amount insured (no global limit of the system) | Yes | Yes | No |
| Switzerland | Intercantonal Reinsurance (IRV) | Intercantonal public corporation | No | No | Direct insurance by cantonal entities. Reinsurance: IRV | Based on cantonal laws, compulsory for building owners attached to the fire policy | Cantonal monopolistic entities responsible for insurance and mitigation | Natural perils (flood, storm, hail, avalanches, landslide, rockfall). Not earthquake | Material losses (direct and indirect) | Industrial risks, commercial risks, dwelling risks | Cantonal tariff including insurance risk and a fee for mitigation | Amount insured (no global limit of the system) | Yes | Yes | No |
| Taiwan | Taiwan Residential Earthquake Insurance Fund (TREIF) | Not-for-profit organization (public) | Yes (up to the aggregated limit of the system) | Yes | Direct Insurance (coinsurance pool) reinsured by TREIF | Compulsorily attached to the fire policies for dwellings | Private companies | Earthquakes (and consequential events: flood, tsunami, landslide, etc.) | Direct material losses | Dwellings | Uniform annual premium (surcharge: 15%) (risk premium: 85%) | Aggregated limit per event | | | |
| Turkey | Turkish Cumpulsory Insurance Pool (TCIP) | Legal public entity | | Yes (private management of the Pool: "Garanti") | Direct insurance. Reinsurance. ART | Compulsory for every dwelling inside the boundaries of municipalities | TCIP policies arranged through accredited insurance companies | Earthquake (fire, landslide...) | Direct material losses | Dwellings remaining inside the boundaries of the municipalities | Premium depending on risk zone, type of construction and square area of the dwelling | Maximum insured capital depending on the type of construction | Yes | | |
General Presentation
